- Resource: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as a ‘Resource’.
- TYPES OF RESOURCES: These resources can be classified in the following ways –
(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international
(d) On the basis of the status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
- Biotic Resources obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc.
- All those things which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals, etc.
- Renewable Resources can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
- Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation.
- Individual Resources are owned privately by individuals. Example: Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue.
- Community Owned Resources are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Example: Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots,playgrounds in urban areas etc.
- National Resources Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good.
- International Resources are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of international institutions.
- Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.
- Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.
- Reserves : Resources utilized for future demand, for instance, water as maximum utilization as a purpose of irrigation facility and to generate hydroelectricity.
- DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature. Human beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the following major problems:
- Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
- Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and have nots or rich and poor.
- Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, and land degradation.
- Resource Planning in India: It involves :
- identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping, and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
- Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional setup for implementing resource development plans.
- Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
- Conservation of Resources:
- Resource conservation at various levels is important.
- Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.”
- LAND UTILISATION
Land resources are used for the following
purposes:
- Forests
- Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
- Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
- Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
- Net sown area
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
- Land use Pattern in India :
- Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km.
- Land use data however is available only for 93% of the total area because the land use reporting far most of the North-East States except Assam has not been done fully.
- Some area of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.
- The land under permanent pasture has also decreased.
- Fallow land - left without cultivation far one or less than one agricultural year.
- Net sown area total -total area sown in an agricultural year.
- More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana.
- Less net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman
- Nicobar Islands.
- National Forest Policy in India in 1952.
- Waste land includes rocky, Arid and desert area and land put to other non agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc.
- Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it.
- LAND DEGRADATION AND CONSERVATION MEASURES
- At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.
- Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying too have contributed significantly to land degradation.
- In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
- In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra; Overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
- In the states of Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation.
9. Soil
The loose
material or the upper layer of the mantle rock (regolith – a layer of loose,
heterogeneous material covering solid rock) consisting mainly of very small
particles and humus which can support the growth of plants is known as “soil”.
Soil mainly consists of mineral/rock particles, portions of decayed organic
matter, soil water, soil air and living organisms. The major factors that
influence the formation of soil are parent material, relief, climate,
vegetation, life forms and time.
In general, soil is
composed of four elements:
- Inorganic or
mineral fraction derived from the parent material
- Organic matter
(decayed and decomposed plants and animals)
- Air
- Water
Soil is formed
under specific natural conditions and each of the elements of the natural
environment contributes to this complex process of soil formation known as
“pedogenesis”.
Soil Profile
The soil profile
is a vertical cross-section of the soil, made of layers parallel to the
surface. Each layer of soil has a different texture and is known as the
horizon.
- Horizon A
(Topsoil) – It is the topmost layer where the organic materials have got
incorporated with the mineral matter, nutrients and water – elements
necessary for the growth of plants.
- Horizon B
(Subsoil) – This zone has a greater content of minerals and humus is
present in smaller quantities. It represents a transition between Horizon
A and Horizon C and contains matter derived from below as well as
above.
- Horizon C
(weathered and decomposed rock) – This zone is composed of the loose
parent/rock material. This layer is the first stage in the soil formation
process and eventually forms the above two layers.
Underneath these
three horizons is the rock which is known as the parent rock or the bedrock.
@ Different Types of Soil in India
In the ancient
period, soils were mainly classified into two – Urvara (fertile) and Usara
(sterile).
The first
scientific classification of soil was done by Vasily Dokuchaev. In India,
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has
classified soils into 8 categories. They are:
- Alluvial Soil
- Black Cotton
Soil
- Red &
Yellow Soil
- Laterite Soil
- Mountainous or
Forest Soil
- Arid or Desert
Soil
- Saline and
Alkaline Soil
- Peaty and Marshy Soil
As mentioned
before, there are eight types of soils categorized by ICAR but some Indian
Soils like – Karewa soil, Sub-Montane Soil, Snowfield, Grey/Brown Soil are all
sub-types of main Indian Soil. Let’s read about them one by one:
Types of Soil in India
1. Alluvial
Soil
- Alluvial soils
are widespread in the northern plains and river valleys.
- It covers about
40% of the total land area of the country.
- These soils are
mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas.
- In the
Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the
river valleys.
- The colour of
the alluvial soil varies from light grey to ash grey.
- The alluvial
soil varies in nature from sandy loam to clay.
- They are rich
in potash but poor in phosphorus.
- Two different types of alluvial soils have developed in the Upper and Middle Ganga plains – Khadar and Bhangar.
- Khadar is the
new alluvium and occupies the flood plains of the rivers. Khadar is
enriched with fresh silt deposits every year.
- Bhangar is the
old alluvium, deposited away from the flood plains.
- Both Khadar and
Bhangar soils contain concretion (kankars) of impure calcium carbonate.
- These soils are
more loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plains and the
Brahmaputra valley.
- Alluvial soils
are intensely cultivated – wheat, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseed, etc.
are mainly cultivated.
Red &
Yellow Soil
- Also known as
the “omnibus group”.
- It covers about
18.5 % of the total land area of the country.
- It is found in
regions of low rainfall (eastern and southern parts of the Deccan Plateau).
Along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats, a long stretch of area is occupied by red
loamy soil. This soil is also present in parts of Odisha and Chattisgarh
and in the southern parts of the Middle Ganga Plain.
- The red colour
is due to the presence of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The
soil appears yellow when it is in hydrated form.
- The
fine-grained red and yellow soil is usually fertile while the
coarse-grained soil is less fertile.
- This type of
soil is generally deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus.
- Wheat, cotton,
oilseeds, millets, tobacco, pulses are mainly cultivated in red and yellow
soil.
Black or
Regur Soil
- Black soil is
also known as “Regur Soil” or the “Black Cotton Soil”.
- It covers about
15% of the total land area of the country.
- It covers most
of the Deccan Plateau – parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Tamil Nadu. In the upper reaches of the
Godavari and Krishna, and the north-western part of Deccan Plateau, the
black soil is very deep.
- The colour of
these soils varies from deep black to grey.
- The black soils
are generally clayey, deep and impermeable. They swell greatly and become
sticky when wet in the rainy season. In the dry season, the moisture
evaporates, the soil shrinks and develops wide cracks.
- Black soils are
rich in iron, lime, aluminium, magnesium and also contain potassium.
However, these soils are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and organic
matter.
- Cotton, pulses,
millets, castor, tobacco, sugarcane, citrus fruits, linseed, etc. are
mainly cultivated in black soil.
Desert
Soil
- Also known as
arid soil, it accounts for over 4.42 % of the total land area of the
country.
- The colour
ranges from red to brown.
- Desert soils
are sandy to gravelly in texture, have low moisture content and low
water-retaining capacity.
- These soils are
saline in nature and in certain regions the salt content is so high that
common salt is obtained by evaporating water.
- These soils
have normal phosphate content but are deficient in nitrogen.
- Due to
increased calcium content in the lower horizons of the soil, there is the
formation of ‘kankar’ layers. These kankar layers restrict the penetration
of water and as such when water is made available through irrigation, the
soil moisture is readily available for sustainable plant growth.
- Desert soils
are profoundly found in western Rajasthan and contain little humus and
organic matter.
Laterite
Soil
- The name has
been derived from the Latin word “later” which means brick.
- It accounts for
about 3.7% of the total area of the country.
- These are
typical soils of the monsoon climate which is characterised by seasonal
rainfall. With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soil rich in
iron oxide and aluminium are left leading to the formation of laterite
soil.
- Laterite soil
is deficient in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium, however
iron oxide and potash are in abundance.
- Although low in
fertility, they respond well to manures and fertilisers.
- Laterite soils
are found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and hilly
regions of Assam and Odisha.
- Red laterite
soil in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are well suited for tree
crop cultivation like cashew nuts.
- Laterite soil
hardens rapidly and irreversibly on exposure to the air, a property that
leads to its use as building bricks in southern India.
Mountain
Soil
- This type of
soil is found in the forest regions where rainfall is sufficient.
- The texture of
the soil depends on the mountain environment where they are found.
- These soils are
coarse-grained in the upper slopes and loamy and silty on valley sides.
- In the snowbound
areas of the Himalayas, these soils undergo denudation and are acidic with
low humus content. The soils found in the lower valleys are fertile.
- Also called
forest soil.
Peaty
and Marshy Soils
- These soils are
found in regions of heavy rainfall and high humidity, and it supports the
good growth of vegetation.
- Peaty soils are
rich in humus and organic matter.
- These soils are
generally heavy and black in colour. In many places, these soils are alkaline.
- These are found
in southern Uttarakhand, the northern part of Bihar, and the coastal areas
of West Bengal, Odisha and Tamil Nadu.
Saline
and Alkaline Soils
- These soils
have high percentages of sodium, magnesium and potassium, and hence are
infertile. The high salt content is mainly because of the dry climate and
poor drainage.
- The texture
ranges from sandy to loamy.
- These soils are
found in arid and semi-arid areas, and in waterlogged and swampy regions.
- These soils are
deficient in calcium and nitrogen.
- These soils are
mostly found in western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coast and in
Sundarban areas of West Bengal. In the Rann of Kutch, the south-western
monsoon brings salt particles and deposits there as a crust. Seawater near
deltas also increases the salinity of the soil.
- These soils can
be reclaimed by improving drainage, by applying gypsum or lime and by
cultivating salt-resistant crops like berseem, dhaincha, etc.
- These are also
called Reh, Usar, Kallar, Rakar, Thur, and Chopan. These are mainly found
in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra.
Sodium chloride and sodium sulphate are present in this soil. It is
suitable for leguminous crops.
Red and Black
Soil
These are
developed over the granite, gneiss, and quartzite of the Precambrian and
Archean eras. This soil performs well if irrigated. Generally, this soil has
very little productivity.
Grey and Brown
Soil
These soils are
found in Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is formed by the weathering of granite,
quartzite and gneiss. These loose, friable soils contain iron oxide (haematite
and limonite).
Submontane Soil
These are formed
by the deposition of eroded material from Shiwaliks and the lesser Himalayas.
These are found in the Tarai region of the submontane stretching from Jammu and
Kashmir to Assam. The soil supports a luxuriant growth of forest and is more
prone to soil erosion.
Snowfields
This soil was
found under the snow and glaciers at the highest peak of the greater Himalayas,
Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar. This soil is immature and unsuitable for crops.
Karewa Soil
Karewa soils are
the lacustrine deposits in the Kashmir valleys and Bhadarwah Valley. The fine
silt, clay, and boulder gravels are the composition of Karewa soil. They are
characterized by fossils. These soils are mainly devoted to the cultivation of
saffron, almonds, apple, walnut, etc.
"Indiscriminate
use of natural resources has led to numerous problems". Justify the
statement.
Explain
Soil erosion. What are the methods to prevent Soil Erosion?
Locate
and Label following places on the given map (two states each for types of
soil):
Ordinary
possessions are of great standing. Which values are associated with them?
What is soil? What is its importance in human life? Explain the factors that contribute to soil formation.
Discussion
three complications which have been instigated due to indiscriminate usage of
resources.
What
is meant by land degradation? Write three human activities which are mainly
responsible for land degradation in India.
====End of chapter number 1 ============
Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources
Flora And Fauna in India:
1. India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity and has nearly 8 per cent of the total number of species in the world.
2. This is possibly twice or twice or thrice the number yet to be discovered.
3. These diverse flora and fauna are so well integrated into our daily life that we take these for granted.
4. They are under great stress mainly due to insensitivity to our environment.
5. That at least 10 percent of India’s recorded wild flora and 20 percent of its mammals are on the threatened list.
Categorization of Species
Normal Species: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, Sal, pine, rodents, etc.,
Endangered Species: These are species that are in danger of extinction the survival of such species is difficult if the negative factor that has led to a decline in their population continues to operate.
Vulnerable Species: These are species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate.
Rare Species: Species with a small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate.
Endemic Species: These are species that are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers.
Extinct Species: These are species that are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur.
Conservation: Protection of the natural environment to prevent it from further deterioration.
IUCN: The International Union for Conservation of nature and natural resources is the worlds oldest and largest global environmental organisation, founded in1948. it is also called the world conservation union.
What are the negative factors that cause such fearful depletion of the flora and fauna:
1. We have transformed nature into a resource obtaining directly and indirectly from the forest and wildlife.
2. It is we ourselves who have depleted our forest and wildlife.
3. The major causes of depletion of forest resources between 1951 and 1980 accordingly to the forest survey of India over 26,200sqq.km
4. The Large scale development project has also contributed significantly to the loss of forest.
5. 1951, over 5,000 sq km forest was cleared for river valley project.
6. Narmada Sagar project in Madhya Pradesh which would inundate 40,000 hectares of forest.
7. These protected areas thus mean different things to different people and therein lies the fertile ground for conflicts.
8. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching over – exploitation, environmental pollution poisoning and forest fires are factors.
9. Over population in third world countries is often cited as the cause of environmental degradation.
10. American consumes 40 times more resources than an average Somalian.
11. The richest five percent of India society probably cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 percent.
12. The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity.
13. Women bear the major responsibility for the collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs.
14. Poverty, in this case, is a direct outcome of environmental destruction.
15. This is imperative to adapt to sound forest and wildlife conservation strategies.
1. Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India:
1. Conservation in the background of a rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry has become essential.
2. In the 1960s and 1070s conservation demanded a national wildlife protection programme.
3. The Indian Wildlife Act was implemented in 1972 with various provision for protecting habitats.
4. The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals which were gravely threatened, including the tiger.
5. We have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act:
1. An act for the conservation of biodiversity of India.
2. Passed in 1972.
3. Contains a list of protected species in the country.
4. The ban on hunting was imposed.
5. Legal protection was provided to the habitats of endangered species.
6. Restriction on trade in wildlife.
7. Established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries throughout the country.
8. Projects such as Project Tiger, Project Elephant etc. that were specific to a particular species were formulated
9. Project Tiger, Initiated in 1973.
10. Tiger population has dwindled to about 1800 from 55000 in the early 20th century.
Project Tiger:
1. It was launched by the government of India in 1973.
2. To save the endangered species of tiger in the country.
3. The major threats to tiger population are poaching for the trade of tiger skins and bones which are traditionally used in medicines in Asian Countries.
4. Others threats are a) shrinking habitat b) depletion of prey base species and growing human population.
5. India and Nepal Became the prime targets for poaching and illegal trading because they provide natural habitat for two-thirds of the surviving tiger populations.
Major tiger reserve of India are:
1. Corbett national park - Uttarakhand
2. Bandhavgarh National Park - Madhya Pradesh
3. Sunderbans National Parks - West Bengal
4. Sariska wildlife sanctuary - Rajasthan
5. Manas tiger reserve - Assam
6. Periyar tiger reserve - Kerala
7. Nagarjuna Sagar Srigailam tiger reserve ( largest in India) - Andhra Pradesh
(ACTIVITY 1 Collect wildlife centuries and national parks of India and point those location on map of India in your respective notebook.)
2. Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources:
Even if we want to conserve our vast forest and wildlife resources, it is rather difficult to manage, control and regulate them.
1. Reserved Forest: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
2. Protected forest: Almost one–third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This land is protected from any further depletion.
3. Unclassed Forest: These are other forest and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.
3. Community and Conservation:
1. We often ignore that in India forests are also home to the traditional communities.
2. In some areas of India local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials recognizing that only this will secure their own long – term livelihood.
3. The Alwar district of Rajasthan has declared 1,200 hectares.
4. The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas.
5. Farmers and citizen's groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic.
6. The program has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
Chipko Movement
1. Started in the 1970s in Garhwal in Uttarakhand.
2. Trees were prevented from being cut by forming a human circle around them.
3. It spread across the country.
Beej Bachao Andolan
1. Started in the 1980s in Tehri region of Uttarakhand.
2. Led by the farmer and social activist Vijay Jardhari.
3. Started in 1988 by the Government of India.
4. First launched in Orissa.
5. Involves local communities for conserving wildlife and restoring degraded forests.
Joint Forest Management:
1. It is launched by various states government.
2. In this program, village communities are entrusted with protecting and managing the nearby forest.
3. Areas concerned are usually degraded or even deforested areas.
4. The first state to start this program was Odisha in 1988.
5. The communities are required to organise forest protection committees, development societies etc.
6. Each body has an executive committee that manages the day-to-day affairs.
currently, 53 tiger reserves are available in India.
EXERCISE
4. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
1. What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for
human lives?
Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function, but
closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies.
It is important for human lives because human beings,
along with the biodiversity, form a
complete web of ecological systems in which we are only a part and are very much dependent on this system for our own existence.
2. How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Several human activities have affected the depletion of
flora and fauna and has led to
decline in India’s biodiversity. The main factors responsible for this damage are:
Habitat destruction, mainly due to overpopulation
leading to expansion of
agriculture, mining, industrialisation and urbanisation and consequent wiping out of large forest areas.
Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animal skin, tusk, bones, teeth, horns, etc have lead many speices to the verge of extinction.
Environmental pollution, poisoning of water bodies due
to discharge of industrial effluents,
chemicals, wastes, etc. leading to animal deaths.
Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation
wiping out valuable forests and wildlife.
Large scale development projects and
destruction of forests.
Grazing and fuel wood collection.
Over-exploitation of forest
products
Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of
forest resources and differential
sharing of responsibility for environmental well- being.
5. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
Q1. Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.
Indian forests are home to different communities. These communities have a complex relationship with their environment. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship Mahua and Kadamba trees; the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees. Similarly, the Bishnois of Rajasthan hold the antelopes in high reverence. For these communities, particular flora and fauna are integral to their identity, so they take a number of steps to protect the same. Villagers around the Sariska Reserve have opposed mining activities in the region as these activities endanger wildlife.
Villagers in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have banned
hunting and lumbering activities in
a 1200 hectare area they have marked
as Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri'. Such activities have helped preserve
patches of virgin forest land.
Good practices towards conserving forests and wildlife are plenty. Nowadays, many non-governmental
organizations are working towards
creating public awareness for conserving depleting
forest cover and vanishing wildlife. Central and state governments in India have set up national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to protect forests and
endangered species in wildlife. A
recently developing practice towards conservation is the search for different conservation measures. Biodiversity is the new by-word of good practices towards
conserving forest and wildlife.
Various communities, especially in tribal areas, who are dependent on forests
for their living are now taking an active role in this form of conservation.
=========================================================================
Chapter-3 Water Resources
- In the first century B.C. Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channeling the flood water of the river Ganga.
- During the time of Chandragupta Mauriya, dams lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
- Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, Nagarjuna Konda, Bennur, Kohlapur etc.
- In 11th century, Bhopal lake, one of the larest artificial lakes of its time was built.
- In 14th century, the tank of HauzKhas, Delhi, was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water of Siri Fort area.
WATER RESOURCES
1. We already know that three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion(3%) of it accounts for fresh water that can be used.
2. This fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.
3. All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource.
WATER SCARCITY AND THE NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT:
1. The moment we speak of water shortages, we immediately associate it with regions having low rainfall or those that are drought prone.
2. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation, but water scarcity in most cases is caused by over – exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.
3. Water scarcity may be an outcome to large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it.
4. A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food.
5. Hence, to facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.
6. Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialization and urbanization, creating vast opportunities for us.
7. The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.
8. Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them.
9. Today, in India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22% of the total electricity produced.
MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT:
1. Archeological and historical records show that from ancient times we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lake, embankments and canals for irrigation.
2. Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
3. Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood controls, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
4. Dams are now referred to as the impounded water is integrated with one another.
5. In recent years, multi-purposes projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of reasons.
6. The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
7. Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new social movements.
8. Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood and their meager access and control over resources for the greater good of the nation.
9. Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops.
10. At the same time, it has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
11. Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built.
12. Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
13. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall.
(IMP)
Dams:
1. Salal
2. Bhakra Nangal
The Bhakra dam is built on Sutlej River. It is Asia's second tallest dam with a height of around 207.26 meters after the Tehri dam, which has a height of around 261 meters. The Tehri dam is also situated in India in the state of Uttrakhand.The Bhakra-Nangal Dam is the second tallest dam in Asia and located in the border of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
3. Tehri
Tehri Dam, The tallest dam in India located in Uttarakhand, is situated on the uphills, with a village covered with pines around the project. Tehri Dam’s height is 260.5 metres, placing it among the tallest dams in the world. Being an engineering marvel, the dam provides about 1,000 megawatts of electricity and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Uttarakhand.
4. Rana Pratap Sagar
The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is a gravity masonry dam of 53.8 metres (177 ft) height built on the Chambal River at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan in India.
5. Sardar Sarovar
The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a concrete gravity dam built on the Narmada river in Navagam near the town of Kevadiya, Narmada District, in the state of Gujarat, India.
6. Hirakud
Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 kilometres (9 mi) from Sambalpur in the state of Odisha in India. It is the longest earthen dam in the world.
7. Nagarjuna Sagar
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is a masonry dam across the Krishna River at Nagarjuna Sagar which straddles the border between Nalgonda district in Telangana and Palnadu district in Andhra Pradesh.
8. Tungabhadra
The place where the Thunga and Bhadra rivers meet
The Tungabhadra Dam, also known as Pampa Sagar, is a water reservoir constructed across the Tungabhadra River in the city of Hosapete, Karnataka, India. It is a multipurpose dam serving irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, etc. for the state.
Maps based questions can be asked from the dam for 1 mark
RAINWATER HARVESTING:
1. Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, a water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally.
2. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide-ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water, and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs.
3. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the western Himalayas for agriculture.
4. ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practiced to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
5. In the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks for storing drinking water.
6. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
7. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground tanks.
8. The rainwater can be stored in the tanks till the time of the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers.
9. Rainwater, or pular pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water.
Map work :-
-----×------
Chapter-4 Agriculture
Agriculture is a primary
activity which produces most of the food that we consume besides food grain it
also produces raw material for various industries.
Some agriculture products
like tea, coffee, spice, etc.
A. Types of farming:
Cultivation method has changed
significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical environmental,
technological know – how and socio – culture practices. Farming various from
subsistence to commercial type. At present in different parts of India.
1. Primitive Subsistence
Farming:
This type of farming is
still practiced in few pockets of India
1. The help of primitive
tools like hoe dao digging sticks, and family /community labour.
2. This type of farming
depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other
environmental conditions to the crops grown.
3. It is ‘salsh and burn’
agriculture.
4. The soil fertility
decreases.
5. The farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
2. Intensive Subsistence
Farming:
1. This type of farming is
practiced is areas of high population pressure on land.
2. It is labour intensive
farming.
3. The biological inputs
and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
4. There is enormous
pressure on agriculture land.
3. Commercial Farming:
1. This type of farming is
the use of higher doses of modern inputs.
2. The degree of
commercialization of agriculture various from one region to another.
3. A single crop s grown
on a large area.
4. The help of migrant laborers.
5. The produces is used as
raw material in respective industries.
B. Cropping Pattern:
1. These are also
reflected in agricultural practices and cropping pattern in the country.
2. India has three
cropping seasons – rabi, kharif and Zaid.
3. Rajasthan has also been
an important factor in the growth of the above-mentioned rabi crops.
4. The crops produced
during ‘Zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
1. Major crops:
Major crops grown in India
are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds. Cotton and
jute, etc.,
2. Non – Food Crops:
Rubber:
1. It is an equatorial
crop, but under special conditions.
2. It requires moist and
humid climate with rainfall of more than 200cm. and temperature above 25℃
Fiber Crops:
1. Cotton, jute, hemp and
natural silk are the four major fiber crops grown in India.
2. Rearing of silkworms
for the production of silk fiber is known as sericulture.
Cotton:
1. India is believed to be
the original home of the cotton plant.
2. In 2008 India was
second largest producer of cotton after China.
Jute:
1. It is known as the
golden fiber.
2. It is losing market to
synthetic fibers and packing materials, particularly the nylon.
* Technological and
Institutional Reforms:
1. The pace of
agricultural development.
2. Agriculture which
provides a livelihood for more than 60%.
3. The government of India
embarked upon introducing agricultural in the 1960s and 1970s
4. The government also announces
minimum support prices remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.
5. Consolidation of
holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to
bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
6. The green revolution
based on the use of package technology and the white revolution (operation
flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve a lot of Indian
agriculture.
7. Land reform was the
main focus of our first five-year plan.
8. Development in few
selected areas. In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development
programme was initiated, which includes both institutional and technological
reforms.
9. Provision for crop
insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
10. Establishment of
Grameen Banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to
the farmers at lower rates of interest.
11. Kissan credit cards
and personal accident insurance schemes introduced.
12. Special weather
bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and
T.V.
13. The government also
announces minimum support price.
14. Remunerative and
procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by
speculators and middleman.
C. Food Security:
1. The number of people
who do not have food security is disproportionately large in some region of our
country particularly in economically less developed states with the higher
incidence of poverty.
2. The focus of the policy
is on fixing the support price for procurement of wheat and rice to maintain
their stocks. Food Corporation of India.
3. The FCI procures food
grains from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price.
4. The competition for
land between non – agriculture uses such as housing etc.,
5. The farmers are badly
affected by the uncertainties of production and market.
6. The higher the supply
the lower is the demand.
MAPS WORK :-
(complete this in Indian political map and attached it into the notebook )
A. Major areas of Rice and Wheat
1. RICE
Rice is a staple food crop of a majority of people in India. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. Rice grows well in the areas where temperature is about 25°C and rainfall about 100 cm. The major producers of rice in India are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the minor rice producing areas are Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
2. Wheat
Wheat is another major food crop of the world. It is a main cereal crop in the north and north-western part of India. This rabi crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It grows well in the areas where rainfall is about 50 to 75 cm annually. There are two important wheat growing zones in India-Ganga- Satluj Plains in the north-west and the black soil region of the Deccan. The major wheat growing areas in India are Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.
B. Largest / Major producer states of different products like Sugarcane, Spices , Cotton, Jute, Rubber, Tea, Coffee, tobacco
1. Sugarcane and spices
Sugarcane: Sugarcane requires hot and humid climate with a temperature around 21°C to 27°C a rainfall between 75 to 100 cm. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world after Brazil; Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana are the major sugarcane producing states.
Spices: After Indonesia, the 2nd largest producer of spices in the world is India. The main areas where spices grown are:- Malabar Coast, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
2. Cotton, Jute and rubber producing Area
Cotton: Cotton is an important fibre crop. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world. Black soil is best suited for cotton production which is found in the Deccan Plateau. It is a Kharif crop and requires six to eight months to mature, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Haryana are the main cotton producing states.
Jute: Jute requires well drained fertile soil to grow. The main producers of jute in India are West Bengal,Bihar, Odisha and Meghalaya. Jute is also known as golden fibre.
Rubber: Rubber is a plantation crop. The leading producer of rubber in India is Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Asom and Tripura are other rubber producing states.
Tea: Tea grows best in the warm temperature of 20°C and rainfall of 200 cm. The main producers of tea in India are areas of Brahmaputra Valley in Asom, Darjeeling and Jalagaon in West Bengal, Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are other tea producing states.
Coffee: Coffee requires a temperature of about 15-20°C and rainfall of about 200 cm. The main coffee producing states in India are Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Tobacco: It is a cash crop and grows well in the areas where temperature is about 15-35°C and less rainfall. Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are the main tobacco producing states.
1
Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions
required for its growth.
Solution:
Tea is also an important beverage crop introduced in India, along with coffee.
The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates. It requires
deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea
bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year. Frequent
showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender
leaves.
2
Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Solution:
Cotton is one of the staple crops of India. Major cotton-producing states are –
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
3
Enlist various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in interest
of farmers.
Solution:
Abolition of zamindari.
Consolidation
of smallholdings.
Provision
for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
Establishment
of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, Kissan Credit Card and Personal
Accident Insurance Scheme, and banks for providing loan facilities to the
farmers at lower rates of interest.
Announcement
regarding Minimum support prices to ensure farmers did not suffer if the pres
crashed due to bumper crops.
Subsidy
on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers.
4
The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its
consequences?
Solution:
India shall no longer be self-sufficient in its requirements of food grains.
Landless
labourers will outweigh the ranks of unskilled – unemployed workers in India.
More
farmers will switch over to the cultivation of high-value crops.
5
Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in
agricultural production.
Solution:
Organic farming is much in vogue today because it is practiced without factor
made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Hence, it does not affect
the environment in a negative manner. Indian farmers should diversify their
cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase incomes
and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. Because fruits, medicinal
herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much
less irrigation than rice or sugarcane. India’s diverse climate can be
harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.
6
How did the partition of the country in 1947 affect the jute industry?
Solution:
Jute: It is known as the golden fibre. Jute grows well on well-drained fertile
soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year. High temperature
is required during the time of growth. It is used in making gunny bags, mats,
ropes, yarn, carpets, and other artifacts. Due to its high cost, it is losing
the market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon.
7
Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Solution:
This Kharif crop requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with
annual rainfall over 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the
help of irrigation. Rice is grown in the plains of north and northeastern
India, coastal areas, and the deltaic regions. Development of a dense network
of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas
of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, and parts
of Rajasthan.
Chapter-5
Minerals Energy Resources
1. Various metals are extracted from these minerals after
proper refinement.
2. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
3. The railway lines and the tarmac(paving) from building or a
big ship all are tarmacs of the roads.
4. Even the food that we eat contains minerals.
5. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature ranging from
the hardest diamond to the softest talc.
6. Rock are combinations of homogeneous substances called
minerals.
7. Over 2000 minerals have been identified only a few are
abundantly found in most of the rocks.
8. Geologists use these properties to classify the minerals.
Mode of Occurrence of
Minerals:
Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an
accumulation of any minerals mixed with other elements.
This also determines the cost of understanding the main types of formations in
which the main types of formations in which occur.
1. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the
cracks crevices faults or join the smaller occurrences are called Veins and the
larger are called Lodes.
2. In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or
layers They have been formed as a result of deposition accumulation and
concentration in horizontal strata.
3. Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of
surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents leaving a residual mass
of weathered material containing ores.
4. Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of
valley floors and the base of hills.
5. The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals to be
of economic signification Common salt, Magnesium and water. The ocean beds, too
are rich manganese nodules.
Ferrous Minerals:
Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the
production of metallic minerals.
Iron Ore:
1. Iron ore is the basic minerals and the backbone of
industrial development
2. The finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to
70 percent.
3. In the adjoining Singbhum districts of Jharkhand, haematite
iron ore is mined in GUA and Noamundi.
4. Durg – Bastar – Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra. Very high-grade hematites are found in the Bastar district of
Chattisgarh.
5. The Kudermukh mines located on the western ghats of
Karnataka deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world
6. Maharashtra – Goa belt includes the state of goa and
Ratnagri district of Maharashtra.
7. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port to different
countries like Japan.
Manganese:
Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro – manganese
alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture bleaching powder
and paint.
Non – Ferrous Minerals:
India’s reserves and production of non – ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.
Copper:
India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper. Being
malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical
cables, electrons and chemical industries.
Bauxite:
1. Several ores contain aluminum it is formed bauxite a clay –
like substance that alumina and later aluminum is obtained.
2. Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide
variety of rocks rich in aluminum silicates.
3. India’s bauxite deposit is mainly found in the Amarkanatk
plateau.
4. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India with
34.97 per cent of the country’s total production in 2000 – 01.
Non – Metallic Minerals:
1. Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves.
It splits easily into thin sheets.
2. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown.
3. Mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in
electric and electrons industries.
4. Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota
Nagpur Plateau, Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading
producer.
5. In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around
Ajmer.
Rock Minerals:
Limestone is found in association with composed of calcium carbonates or
calcium and magnesium carbonates.
Conservation Of Minerals:
1. The strong dependence of industry and agriculture upon
mineral deposits and the substances manufactured from them.
2. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an
insignificant fraction.
3. The rates of replenishment are infinitely small in
comparison.
4. A concerted effort to be made in order to use mineral
resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
Energy Resources:
1. Energy is required for all activities, It is needed to cook
to provide light and heat to propel.
2. Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal,
petroleum from fuel mineral like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from
electricity.
3. It consumes most valuable manure which could be used in
agriculture.
Conservation Sources of
Energy:
Coal:
1. The most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a
substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
2. Lignite is a low-grade brown coal which is soft with high
moisture content.
3. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
4. A little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary
deposits which are only about 55 million years old.
Petroleum:
1. Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in
India after coal.
2. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for
synthetic textile, fertile and numerous chemical industries.
3. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening
non – porous layer.
4. About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from
Mumbai High, 18 per cent from the map locates the 3 majors off shore field of
western India.
Natural Gas:
1. Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in
association with or without petroleum.
2. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial
raw material in the petrochemical industry.
3. The fuel for the present century.
4. Andaman and Nicobar are land are also important areas
having large reserves of natural gas.
5. The 1700 km long Hazira – Vijaipur Jagdishpur cross country
gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer power and
industrial complexes in western and northern India.
6. The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of
natural gas.
Electricity:
1. Electricity has such a wide range of application in today’s
world that its per capita consumption is considered as an index of development.
2. Electricity is generated mainly in two ways by running
water.
3. Burning of fuels such a coal petroleum gas to drive
turbines to produce thermal power.
4. Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water.
5. Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum
and natural gas
6. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.
Non – Conventional Sources
of Energy:
1. The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the
country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuel such as coal oil and
gas.
2.There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources
like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.
3.These are called non – conventional energy sources.
4.These are called non – conventional energy sources.
Nuclear or Atomic Energy:
1.It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
2. The form of heat and this is used to generated electric
power.
3. The Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating
atomic or nuclear power.
4. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.
Solar Energy:
1. India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities
of tapping energy.
2. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into
electricity.
3. In turn will contribute to environmental conservation and
adequate supply of manure in agriculture
Wind Power:
1. India now ranks as a “wind super power” the world.
2. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from
Nagercoil to Madurai.
3. Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are well known for the effective
use of wind energy in the country.
Biogas:
1. Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to
produce biogas for domestic consumption I rural areas.
2. The plant using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plant’
in rural India.
3. It improves the loss of trees and manure due to the burning
of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.
Tidal Energy:
1. Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.
Floodgate dams are built across intellect.
2. The sea via a pipe that carries it through a power
generating turbine.
3. A 900 MW tidal energy power plant is setup here by the
National Hydropower Corporation.
Geo Thermal Energy:
1. Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity
produced by heat from the interior of the earth.
2. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface it
turns into steam.
3. This stem is used to drive turbines and generate
electricity.
Conservation of Energy
Resources:
1. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
2. The economic development plans implemented since
Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain
operational.
3. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of
renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
4. India is presently one of the least energy efficient
countries I the world
5. Energy saved is energy produced.
---×---
Chapter-6 Manufacturing Industries
I. Importance of Manufacturing:
A. Manufacturing sector is
considered the backbone of development in general and economic development
because-Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
They reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
Helps in eradication of
unemployment and poverty.
Helps in bringing down
regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Exports of manufactured
goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign exchange.
India should convert its
raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods in order to prosper.
B. Agriculture and
Industry go hand-in-hand. For example, in agro-industries, agriculture helps industries
by providing raw materials and industries provide products such as irrigation
pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
C. We can compete with
international markets, if our manufactured products are at par in quality with
international products.
II. Contribution of
Industry to National Economy:
The desired growth rate
for industry is 12 percent in the coming decade. The National Manufacturing
Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective. Government
Policy interventions and renewed efforts by the industry for productivity will
help manufacturing achieve its desired growth rate.
III. Industrial Location:
Industries are not found
everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable
conditions to thrive. Industrial Location is governed mainly by the following
factors:
Raw Materials
Source of Energy
Source of Water
Availability of Capital
and Finance
Demand in Market
Skilled Labourers and
Workers
Banking and Insurance
Transport and
Communication
Many industries come
together at urban centres to make use of the advantages. These are known as
"agglomeration economies".
IV. Types or
Classification of Manufacturing Industries:
A] On the basis of Raw
Materials:
1. Agro Based: Those
industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Woolen,
Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
2. Mineral Based: Those
industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel,
Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
B] On the basis of their Main
Role:
1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other
industries are called basic industries. These industries help the development
of other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminum Smelting
2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are
called consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly
sold in the market for consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper
etc.
C] On the basis of Capital
Investment:
1. Small Scale Industries:
Those industries where investment of capital is less than Rupees one crore are
called as small-scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
2. Large Scale Industries:
Those industries where investment of capital is more than Rupees one crore are
called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton
Textiles etc.
D] On the basis of
Ownership:
1. Public Sector: These
industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g., BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
2. Private Sector: These
industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of
individuals, e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
3. Joint Sector: These
industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture of
public and private sector, e.g., Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
4. Cooperative Sector:
These industries are owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw
materials and workers of the industries, e.g., Sugar industries in Maharashtra,
Coir industries in Kerala.
E] On the basis of
Finished Goods [Output]:
1. Heavy Industries: Those
industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods in
large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g., Iron and Steel, Copper
Smelting.
2. Light Industries: Those
industries which use light and small raw materials and produce light goods are
called light industries, e.g., Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
V. Agro-Based Industries:
Cotton Textile Industry:
It is an agro-based and
the oldest industry in India.
First cotton mill was
established in 1854 in Mumbai.
At present, it the largest
industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our
country. Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharashtra and
Gujarat due to favorable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune,
Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai,
Madurai etc.
Cotton textile is produced
by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills
Cotton textile industry
involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, tailoring and packaging
to produce readymade garments.
India exports yarn and
readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
Cotton textile industries
are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good quality cotton, b) main
cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d) erratic power
supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough competition from synthetic
fibers.
Jute Textiles and its
problems:
India is the largest
producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our
country.
First jute mill was setup
in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859.
Most of the jute mills are
located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favorable conditions. Jute is
used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have
jute mills.
Jute industries are facing
problems like: a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high
production cost, c) declining demand of jute in international market, d) tough
competition from synthetic fiber industry.
Jute industries are
located mainly along Hooghly River because:
There are 69 jute mills
located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River.
This area provides many favorable
conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available
for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is
brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides
water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate
is very favorable for cultivation of jute.
e) Kolkata is a metro city
which provides capital and market.
f) Hooghly River also
provides cheap water transport.
Sugar industry:
Earlier UP and Bihar were
the main producers of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills were
located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting towards
Maharashtra and Karnataka because:
a) Per hectare production
of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable for
cultivation of sugarcane.
b) Sucrose content in the
sugarcane is higher in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be
produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are
new in southern states. New and modern machines increase the productivity.
d) Crushing season for
sugarcane is longer in southern states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills
are running successfully in southern states.
VI Mineral Based
Industries:
Iron & Steel Industry
and its problems:
This industry is called as
basic industry because it provides raw material to many other industries such
as machine tools, transport equipment, construction material etc.
It is also called as heavy
industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in nature.
Iron ore mixed with
limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig
iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1. Pig iron
is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it strongest steel.
Most of the steel plants
are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favorable conditions.
Important integrated steel
plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
India produces about 33
million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of steel is
very low i.e., 32 kg. It is low because India has low economic and industrial
development.
Today steel industries in
India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b) Limited
availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d) Irregular supply
of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a certain pocket of India only, f)
Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc.
Aluminum Smelting:
It is the second most
popular metallurgical industry in India
The raw material used is a
bulky dark reddish rock known as bauxite.
It is light, corrosion
resistant and a good conductor of heat and is malleable.
It becomes stronger when
mixed with other metals.
It is used to manufacture
aircraft, utensils and wires.
Major sources are located
in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Chemical Industry:
Contributes approximately
3 percent of annual GDP.
In terms of size, it is
the third largest industry in Asia and the twelfth largest in the world.
Organic and inorganic
sectors of the industry are rapidly growing. Organic chemicals include
petrochemicals. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid,
alkalis, soda ash, caustic soda, etc.
Fertilizer Industry:
India is the third largest
producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Fertilizer industry is centered
around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers and
ammonium phosphate and complex fertilizers. Complex fertilizers have a
combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K). Potash is entirely
imported because India does not have any reserves of commercially viable potash
or potassium compounds.
VII. Cement Industry:
Cement industry requires
bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
There are many cement
plants in Gujarat because of proximity to ports.
There are 128 large and
323 mini cement plants in India.
Improvement in quality has
found the Indian cement a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East,
Africa and South Asia. This industry is doing well in terms of production as
well as export.
VIII. Automobile Industry:
After liberalization, many
automobile manufacturers set their base in India.
At present, there are 15
manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14
of two and three-wheelers.
Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bangalore,
Sanand, Pantnagar, etc. are the major centres of automobile industry.
IX Information Technology
and Electronics Industry:
Bangalore is often termed
as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 18
software technology parks in the country and they provide single window service
and high data communication to software experts.
This industry had
generated a large number of employments. Up to 31 March 2005, over one million
persons were employed in the IT industry. Because of fast growth of BPO
(Business Process Outsourcing); this sector has been a major earner of foreign
exchange.
X Industrial Pollution and
Environmental Degradation:
a) Air pollution is caused
by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the
industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. The
use of CFC in various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters
ultraviolet rays of the sun.
b) Dumping of organic and
inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollutes the water. Industries
which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc.
generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life.
c) High intensity sound
generated by running machines, sirens, drilling, fans etc. leads to noise
pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among
the nearby residents.
d) Mining activity to get
raw material for industries also degrades the environment. Land degradation,
deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. are the results of mining
activities.
XI Measurement [Methods]
for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation:
a) Industries should be
located with careful planning and better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can
be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
c) Non-conventional
sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should
be used which controls, filters and separates harmful materials from the waste.
e) Waste water should be
properly treated before discharging into rivers.
f) Land filling method
should be adopted for dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries
should be located away from towns and cities.
----×----
Chapter-7
Lifelines of National Economy
I. Roadways:
India has one of the
largest road networks in the world. Its importance can be viewed.
(i) Construction cost of
roads is much lower than that of railway lines
(ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
(iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse
mountains such as the Himalayas.
(iv) It is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller
amount of goods over short distances.
(v) It provides door to door services.
(vi) It is used as feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a
link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
Golden Quadrilateral Super
Highways:
The Govt. has launched a
major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi
by six-lane super highways.
The North-South corridors
linking Srinagar [Jammu & Kashmir] &Kanyakumari [T.N.] & East-West
Corridor Connecting silcher (Assam) & Porbandar (Gujarat).
The major objective of
these super highways is to reduce time and distance.
These highway projects are
being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country and
are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
State Highways: State Highways link a state capital with different district
headquarters and are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works
Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.
District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other
places of the district and are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with
towns. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri
Grameen Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads: Border Roads Organization a Government of India undertaking
constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the
country.
II. Road Density
The length of road per 100
sq. km of area is known as density of roads.
Density of all roads
varies from only 10 km in Jammu & Kashmir to 375 km in Kerala with the
national average of 75 km (1996-97).
III. Railways:
The distribution pattern
of the railway network in the country has been largely influence by
physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
The Himalayan mountains
regions are unfavorable for the construction of railway lines due to high
relief, sparse population & each of economic opportunities.
The northern plains having
high population density, provide most favorable condition for their growth
Rivers requiring
construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles for the
construction of railway lines.
IV. Pipelines:
Pipelines transport
network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India.
Its initial cost is high
but subsequent running costs are minimal.
It is used for
transporting crude oil, petroleum products & natural gas.
It rules out trans-shipment
losses and delays
Important Networks
1. Oil field in Assam to
Kanpur (U.P.), via Guwahati, Barauni& Allahabad.
2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar. In Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi
& Sonipat.
3. Gas pipelines from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in UP via Vijaypur
in Madhya Pradesh.
V. Waterways
Waterways are the cheapest
means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
It is a fuel-efficient and
environment friendly mode of transport.
VI. Major Sea Ports
With a long coastline of
7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 181 medium and minor
ports. Kandla in Kachchh was the first port developed soon after Independence.
Kandla is a tidal port. It
caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive
granary and industrial belt Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural
and well-sheltered harbor.
Marmagao port (Goa) is the
premier iron ore exporting port of the country. New Mangalore port, located in
Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines.
Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon
with a natural harbor.
VII. Air Ways:
It can cover very
difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also
long oceanic stretches with great ease.
The air transport was
nationalized in 1953.
Air India provides
international air services.
Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd.
provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-
shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the
north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
VIII. Communication:
Personal communication and
mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the
major means of communication in the country.
The Indian postal network
is the largest in the world. Cards and envelopes are considered first–class
mail.
The second–class mail
includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
To facilitate quick
delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been
introduced recently.
They are called Rajdhani
Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and
Periodical Channel. India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia.
IX. International Trade:
The exchange of goods
among people, states & countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two
countries is called International Trade.
Exports and imports are
the components of trade. The balance of a trade of a country is the difference
between its export and import.
When the value of exports
exceeds the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trades.
X. Tourism as a Trade:
Tourism has proved itself
as one of the most important aspects of trade.
Tourism in India has grown
substantially.
It helps as promotion of
National Integration.
Provide support to local
handicrafts.
Provides support to
cultural pursuits.
Development of
international understanding about our culture and heritage.
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