ZEN SCHOOL

Chapter-1 DEVELOPMENT 1. The idea of development or progress has always been with us. 2. We have aspirations or desires about what we would like to do and how we would like to live. WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES – DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS: 1. People seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfill their aspirations or desires. 2. In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting. 3. So two things are quite clear: (i) Different persons can have different developmental goals. (ii) What may be developed for one may not be developed for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. INCOME AND OTHER GOALS: 1. What people desire are regular work, better wages and decent price for their crops or other products that they produce. In other words, they want more income. 2. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. 3. In some cases, these may be more important than more inc...

Chapter- 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Introduction In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of 'democratic and social republic, as he called them. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female le figure. According to Sorrieu's utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualized by Sorrieu. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force that brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in the place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe. A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long time in Europe. But a nation-state w...